Engadget

Julius Genachowski voices support for capped, tiered broadband

Daniel Cooper — Thu, 24 May 2012 05:21:00 EST

FCC honcho Julius Genachowski has come out in favor of usage-based pricing for your broadband. At this year's Cable Show, he said that he supported the sort of usage caps that Comcast adopted last week and hoped that such plans would reduce costs for those who use less internet. Comcast's new pricing structure offers a 300GB monthly cap, after which point it'll charge users $10 for every extra 50GB used. We're not sure how this'll play out, but we suspect anyone with a Netflix or Hulu addiction might feel less than pleased this morning.

Julius Genachowski voices support for capped, tiered broadband originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 24 May 2012 05:21:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Live from CTIA with FCC chairman Julius Genachowski

Terrence O'Brien — Tue, 08 May 2012 10:18:00 EST

The first keynote of the week is a doozy. We've got Gary Flood from MasterCard, Patrick Riordan president of Cellcom and Joe Kennedy the CEO of Pandora. Not too shabby. But, the big fish in this four person pond is clearly FCC chairman Julius Genachowski. The chief regulator of the wireless industry here in the US will be taking to the stage to talk... well, we're not entirely sure. But, if the topic of spectrum doesn't come up, we'll be quite surprised.

May 7, 2012 10:30 AM EDT

Continue reading Live from CTIA with FCC chairman Julius Genachowski

Live from CTIA with FCC chairman Julius Genachowski originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 08 May 2012 10:18:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Join us for FCC chairman Julius Genachowski's CTIA keynote tomorrow at 10:30AM ET

Terrence O'Brien — Mon, 07 May 2012 15:47:00 EST

Ain't no party like a Genachowski party, cause a Genachowski party don't stop. So long as you've got the spectrum and bandwidth to keep your your Niki and the Dove Pandora station bumpin'. The festivities here at CTIA Wireless 2012 in New Orleans are already underway, unofficially, but the true fun really kicks off tomorrow with a keynote from FCC chairman Julius Genachowski. The event will also feature appearances from Gary Flood of MasterCard, Joe Kennedy (the president of Pandora) and Cellcom CEO Patrick Riordan. What's the topic du jour? You'll just have to check back here at the time listed below to find out.

May 8, 2012 10:30 AM EDT

Join us for FCC chairman Julius Genachowski's CTIA keynote tomorrow at 10:30AM ET originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 07 May 2012 15:47:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Inmarsat hands LightSquared a lifeline, hopes to get that $56 million back later

Daniel Cooper — Fri, 20 Apr 2012 13:36:00 EST

Remember LightSquared? Of course you do, it was the noble yet doomed attempt to build a nationwide 4G LTE network. Days before Sprint dumped it, billionaire Philip Falcone's enterprise defaulted on a $56 million spectrum allocation payment to British satellite operator Inmarsat. Now LightSquared's biggest creditor has offered a stay of execution to give the company time to overcome the regulatory hurdles (we'd suggest praying Julius Genachowski gets another job elsewhere) and get the project back on track. Cynics might suggest it's only been given the breathing room because it's not worth being pushed into Chapter 7 bankruptcy, to which we say shame on you, you naughty cynics.

Continue reading Inmarsat hands LightSquared a lifeline, hopes to get that $56 million back later

Inmarsat hands LightSquared a lifeline, hopes to get that $56 million back later originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 20 Apr 2012 13:36:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC begins tracking wireless carriers' implementation of bill shock notifications

Zachary Lutz — Thu, 19 Apr 2012 19:03:00 EST

If you've ever mistaken your wireless bill for your phone number, only to discover a dollar sign in front of all those digits, you're far from alone. The CTIA estimates that one in six mobile subscribers have experienced bill shock, but thanks to the efforts of the nation's wireless carriers -- along with a bit of help from the FCC -- consumers will start to receive notifications of any potential overages, along with alerts when the threshold has been crossed. The program is still in its infancy, but the FCC has launched a website to track wireless carriers' implementation of the notification system, which will alert consumers to any voice, data, SMS or international roaming charges. Carriers have until October 17th to have alerts for at least two of these categories in place, and will have until April 17th of next year to implement all four. Consumers may track the monthly progress of individual carriers at the FCC's bill shock website, but for a current peek at their progress, just hop the break.

[Bill shock photo via Shutterstock]

Continue reading FCC begins tracking wireless carriers' implementation of bill shock notifications

FCC begins tracking wireless carriers' implementation of bill shock notifications originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 19 Apr 2012 19:03:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Major ISPs agree to FCC's code of conduct on botnets, DNS attacks

Amar Toor — Sun, 25 Mar 2012 16:13:00 EST

The FCC's campaign to secure the internet gained new momentum last week, when a group of major ISPs signed on to a new code of conduct aimed at mitigating cybercrime. Adopted by the FCC's Communications, Security, Reliability and Interoperability Council (CSRIC), the new code targets three main security threats: botnets, DNS attacks and internet route hijacking. The Anti-Bot Code of Conduct invites ISPs to adopt sharper detection methods, and to notify and assist consumers whenever their computers are infected. The DNS code, meanwhile, offers a list of best practices by which ISPs can tighten security. Though it doesn't call for a full adoption of DNSSEC technology, the guidelines do represent a "first step" toward implementation, allowing web users to verify the authenticity of their online destinations. As for internet route attacks, the CSRIC calls for a similarly collective approach, asking ISPs to collaborate on new technologies within an industry-wide framework.

In a statement, FCC chairman Julius Genachowski said that these practices "identify smart, practical, voluntary solutions that will materially improve the cyber security of commercial networks and bolster the broader endeavors of our federal partners." The industry apparently agrees, as heavyweights like AT&T, CenturyLink, Comcast, Cox, Sprint, Time Warner Cable, T-Mobile and Verizon have already signed on. For the FCC's full statement, check out the source link below.

Major ISPs agree to FCC's code of conduct on botnets, DNS attacks originally appeared on Engadget on Sun, 25 Mar 2012 16:13:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Sprint to LightSquared: it's over

Daniel Cooper — Fri, 16 Mar 2012 09:56:00 EST

The writing's been on the wall for a few weeks and now Sprint's officially severing its partnership with LightSquared. Philip Falcone's project had a contractual deadline of March 15th to gain regulatory approval for its LTE service on the 1.6GHz spectrum, which was shot down by the FCC in February. A day later, Big Yellow exercised its right to pull the plug, paying back $65 million in prepayments and continuing to build out a LTE network on its own. Nextel's better half didn't slam the door shut entirely, however. If, by some miracle (and it would be a big one), the company can change Julius Genachowski's mind, it'd certainly consider teaming up again, so no hard feelings, eh?

For its part, LightSquared has issued a formal response, saying that the contract termination is in "the best interests of both parties" and "not unexpected given the regulatory delays." On the upside, the company has had its coffers swelled by a not inconsiderable $65 million, which is the first good news it's had for a while.

Continue reading Sprint to LightSquared: it's over

Sprint to LightSquared: it's over originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 16 Mar 2012 09:56:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC thinks ISPs should do a better job preventing fraud, theft

Brian Heater — Fri, 24 Feb 2012 00:16:00 EST

Internet fraud and theft are major problems, there seems to be little doubt about that -- according to FCC chairman Julius Genachowski, some 8.4 million credit card numbers are stolen every year. The question, then, is who should be addressing the issue. Genachowski this week called for "smart, practical, voluntary solutions," asking internet service providers to put more effort into helping prevent data theft, hacks and other issues, or risk having "consumers lose trust in the internet," thereby "suppress[ing] broadband adoption and online commerce and communication." The chairman asked ISPs to help avoid hijacking through more efficient traffic routes and to instate DNSSEC to help weed out fraudulent sites.

FCC thinks ISPs should do a better job preventing fraud, theft originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 24 Feb 2012 00:16:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

AT&T's hungry eyes turning toward Leap, Dish or MetroPCS?

Daniel Cooper — Thu, 16 Feb 2012 06:44:00 EST

Publicly, at least, AT&T is bursting at the seams as it runs out of space to put all of its customers. The failed $39 billion purchase of T-Mobile was all about trying to match (or better) Verizon's reserves of wireless spectrum. Given the FCC's blocking of LightSquared and stymieing of future spectrum auctions for the time being, AT&T needs to make some more acquisitions -- the $1.9 billion purchase of Qualcomm's small slice of the airwaves isn't enough. If the Wall Street Journal is to be believed, there's a whiteboard in Whitacre Tower with Dish, Leap and MetroPCS written all over it. Reportedly, a purchase of Leap is the nearest to fruition, with "under the table" talks already underway. However, the Cricket Wireless operator would only provide a short-term solution to Ma Bell's very long-term woes. The other big target is Dish Network's reserved spectrum, kept back for its own planned broadband network, but if it fails to get Government approval, it might look to offload it. Third on the roster and marked as "highly unlikely" is a purchase of MetroPCS. The carrier was bitterly opposed to the T-Mo merger and pouted at the idea of purchasing some of Big Blue's divested assets, so if those two met around a table, they'd have a lot of awkward apologizing to do.

Image courtesy of Fierce Mobile Content

AT&T's hungry eyes turning toward Leap, Dish or MetroPCS? originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 16 Feb 2012 06:44:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC chairman implores Congress to speed up spectrum auctions, does it with a Galaxy Tab 8.9

Amar Toor — Thu, 12 Jan 2012 10:36:00 EST

FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski renewed his pleas for more broadband spectrum yesterday, and he chose a rather peculiar platform upon which to do it. In an address here at CES yesterday, Genachowski called upon Congress to hurry up and open auctions for spectrum, and to allow his commission to reserve some space for itself. "It would be a very serious mistake to pass incentive legislation and prohibit the FCC from using some spectrum for unlicensed (uses)," Genachowski explained, adding that these unlicensed appropriations would help spur innovation. "We may see innovations there that lead to more efficient use. To me, it's a no-brainer." It's an argument that he's been making for a while now, but as All Things D noticed, Wednesday's address was unique for an entirely different reason. For the first time yesterday, he displayed his comments on a Samsung Galaxy Tab 8.9, rather than his standard iPad. His thoughts on the slate? "It was all good," Genachowski said. "It was a seamless experience." He then proceeded, however, to send an e-mail with his iPad.

FCC chairman implores Congress to speed up spectrum auctions, does it with a Galaxy Tab 8.9 originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 12 Jan 2012 10:36:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC approves first white space device and database for Wilmington, NC

Terrence O'Brien — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 17:18:00 EST

The FCC has approved the first device to use the much buzzed about "white spaces" between television broadcast frequencies to transmit data. The recipient of the honor is a receiver from Koos Technical Services that's designed to be a last-mile connection for surveillance cameras and telemetry systems. The radio will tap into database run by Spectrum Bridge to ensure it doesn't interfere with other broadcasts. Chairman Julius Genachowski said in a statement that, "we are taking an important step towards enabling a new wave of wireless innovation. Unleashing white spaces spectrum has the potential to exceed even the many billions of dollars in economic benefit from Wi-Fi, the last significant release of unlicensed spectrum, and drive private investment and job creation." For now, only the city of Wilmington, NC will be able to benefit from the approval, as the FCC continues to iron out the details that will prevent these devices from interfering with wireless microphones. Check out the press release after the break for more info.

Continue reading FCC approves first white space device and database for Wilmington, NC

FCC approves first white space device and database for Wilmington, NC originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 22 Dec 2011 17:18:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

AT&T, Deutsche Telekom withdraw FCC application for T-Mobile merger, look toward DoJ

Amar Toor — Thu, 24 Nov 2011 04:27:00 EST

Now that FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski has called for an administrative hearing on AT&T's proposed buyout of T-Mobile, the two parties have decided to formally withdraw their application to the Commission. The confirmation came today, with an announcement from AT&T and Deutsche Telekom, which owns T-Mobile USA. In a statement, the two companies reiterated their commitment to the deal, adding that they're looking to receive final approval from the DoJ: "This formal step today is being undertaken by both companies to consolidate their strength and to focus their continuing efforts on obtaining antitrust clearance for the transaction from the Department of Justice." AT&T also reaffirmed that it would incur a $4 billion hit should the deal fall through, and that it expects to take out a pretax charge for that amount during the fourth quarter of this year. Of course, Genachowski's decision must still obtain approval from the full Commission, but it certainly looks like both parties are gearing up for a courtroom battle.

AT&T, Deutsche Telekom withdraw FCC application for T-Mobile merger, look toward DoJ originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 24 Nov 2011 04:27:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC finds AT&T merger not in public interest, Genachowski issues order to hold trial

Brad Molen — Tue, 22 Nov 2011 17:09:00 EST

FCC chairman Julius Genachowski issued a draft order this morning that calls for a hearing to take the AT&T / T-Mobile merger before an Administrative Law Judge. Such a hearing, reminiscent of the one held for the attempted buyout of DirecTV by EchoStar in 2002, would be held once the Department of Justice's litigation is complete and would certainly be another blockade for AT&T to push through. According to the FCC, the Chairman's order is awaiting final approval from the Commission at a later date, and won't be made public until that time. If the order gets the green light and a hearing is held, it'll be done so like a trial -- one involving cross examination, witnesses, rules of evidence and a good 'ol fashioned two-sided duel.

It's no secret that the FCC has raised concerns over the proposed merger, and pushing this order forward understandably reflects that. In fact, during a conference call with media, the FCC expressed fears that the deal would violate antitrust standards and isn't in the public interest, and the Commission cited records showing it would ultimately result in a loss of jobs, contrary to AT&T's claims. Naturally, this means there's one more hoop for the carrier to go through before it can hope to pick up T-Mobile, and it's a biggie; with the FCC and DoJ holding steadfastly against the acquisition, the GSM carrier's chances of success appear to be slimming significantly. Head past the break to see AT&T and Sprint's reactions to the news.

Continue reading FCC finds AT&T merger not in public interest, Genachowski issues order to hold trial

FCC finds AT&T merger not in public interest, Genachowski issues order to hold trial originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 22 Nov 2011 17:09:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC enlists more cable providers to offer discounted broadband to low-income families

Amar Toor — Wed, 09 Nov 2011 08:09:00 EST

Back in September, Comcast teamed up with the FCC to offer discounted broadband access to low-income families, in the hopes of bridging the connectivity gulf separating the haves from the have-nots. Today, that campaign is gaining new momentum, now that Time Warner Cable, Cox and most other major US cable providers have thrown their hats into the ring. According to the New York Times, many of the industry's heaviest hitters have agreed to offer high-speed access for just $9.99 per month, fueling the FCC's efforts to reach the estimated 100 million Americans without an at-home internet connection. The low-cost service will be made available for a 2-year period to disconnected families who have at least one child enrolled in the national school lunch program, and who have not recently subscribed to a broadband provider. On top of that, Ohio-based IT firm Redemtech will provide discounted computers to these families at a price of $150, with Morgan Stanley offering microcredit to those who need a little extra time to make the payment. FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski says the initiative, slated to be announced later today, should make a "real dent in the broadband adoption gap," by making the internet more accessible and, in theory, more valuable. The Commission hopes to expand the program to the entire country by September 2012, now that it's enlisted most cable heavyweights. Notably missing from the initiative are Verizon and AT&T (which has its own FCC-related matters to worry about), though the reasons for their absence remain unclear.

FCC enlists more cable providers to offer discounted broadband to low-income families originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 09 Nov 2011 08:09:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC's 'Connect America Fund' redirects phone fees to provide rural broadband

Darren Murph — Thu, 27 Oct 2011 18:57:00 EST

The Federal Communications Commission has just unveiled a new plan that'll overhaul an $8 billion fund that's currently used to "subsidize phone service in rural areas and for the poor," pointing that money towards buildouts in the ambitious rural broadband initiative. Most critics suggest that the existing fee model is severely outdated, and in fact, encourages "perverse schemes by carriers to stimulate certain kinds of phone traffic." Not surprisingly, FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski has said that he "doesn't expect" phone rates to increase for most consumers, and the agency's currently estimating a $2.2 billion savings from fees that are currently paid out to phone companies. Politics aside, the goal here is to provide broadband access (however that's defined) to every American by the end of the decade, with Genachowski quipping: "We are taking a system designed for the Alexander Graham Bell era of rotary telephones and modernizing it for the era of Steve Jobs and the internet future he imagined." Pretty sure more than just Jobs had visions of a connected future, but we're following the logic, Jules.

Continue reading FCC's 'Connect America Fund' redirects phone fees to provide rural broadband

FCC's 'Connect America Fund' redirects phone fees to provide rural broadband originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 27 Oct 2011 18:57:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC and CTIA get set to hit back against bill shock

Brian Heater — Mon, 17 Oct 2011 10:56:00 EST

Bill shock? It's "a real consumer problem that needs to be fixed," according to FCC chairman Julius Genachowski. The department teamed up with the CTIA and the Consumers Union today to address the problem of unexpected mobile bill charges. The solution? Alerts about overages and international roaming sent to subscribers before they rack up bills they can't afford. It's a plan the organization talked up last year, thanks to the findings of a Consumer Task Force. The FCC hopes that a rollout of the plan will be completed in the next 12 months.

Continue reading FCC and CTIA get set to hit back against bill shock

FCC and CTIA get set to hit back against bill shock originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 17 Oct 2011 10:56:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC to test white space database at its own pace

Amar Toor — Fri, 16 Sep 2011 07:36:00 EST

See that faint silhouette lurking on the horizon? That'd be a wave of white space internet, and it's inching ever closer to the US. On Wednesday, the FCC confirmed that it will begin testing a new database that will enable gadgets to operate on white space airwaves, nearly a year after first ratifying its "super WiFi" initiative. The Spectrum Bridge database, as outlined last year, will map out all channels that aren't being used by radio or TV services, thereby preventing broadband devices from interfering with broadcasts. The system will be tested over a 45-day period beginning on September 19th and ending on November 2nd, in order to make sure that it correctly distinguishes available channels from those currently in use. Cable operators and wireless mic users are invited to register with the database to test its accuracy, but this trial period could easily be extended if the Commission determines that further tests are in order. And, though there's still no indication that unlicensed broadband devices will be hitting the market anytime soon, FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski seems confident that this white space spectrum could drastically change the industry. "Unleashing white spaces spectrum will enable a new wave of wireless innovation," Genachowski explained. "It has the potential to exceed the billions of dollars in economic benefit from WiFi, the last significant release of unlicensed spectrum, and drive private investment and job creation." You can read the FCC's full public notice, after the break.

Continue reading FCC to test white space database at its own pace

FCC to test white space database at its own pace originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 16 Sep 2011 07:36:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC halts AT&T's acquisition of Qualcomm spectrum, bundles it with T-Mobile merger review

Joseph Volpe — Tue, 09 Aug 2011 11:37:00 EST

AT&T's LTE spectrum acquisitions just hit a minor bump in the federal road. In a recently released FCC statement, Wireless Bureau chief Rick Kaplan announced the decision to stop the 180 day review clock on the telco's proposed takeover of Qualcomm's 700MHz spectrum. The $1.9 billion deal, inked last December, isn't getting the regulatory axe, but due to a "number of related issues" concerning spectrum overlap with the still unapproved T-Mobile merger, the commission is bundling the two into one future review. Maybe it's time the carrier's industry backers pen another letter of support to Chairman Genachowski.

Update: Qualcomm's VP of Government Affairs Dean Brenner reached out to us with an official statement you can read after the break.

Continue reading FCC halts AT&T's acquisition of Qualcomm spectrum, bundles it with T-Mobile merger review

FCC halts AT&T's acquisition of Qualcomm spectrum, bundles it with T-Mobile merger review originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 09 Aug 2011 11:37:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC hails spectrum alliances with Canada and Mexico, seeks to reduce border conflicts

Zachary Lutz — Tue, 02 Aug 2011 18:48:00 EST

It's not every day that the FCC enters into new multinational agreements, so you'll have to forgive us for getting excited over the latest communique between Chairman Julius Genachowski and his counterparts in Canada and Mexico. After much negotiation, the regulatory heads have created a framework to resolve frequency conflicts along our nations' borders. While the deal with Mexico only applies to the 700MHz spectrum, the agreement with Canada also covers the 800MHz range. By reducing interference and maximizing spectrum allocation, Genachowski believes "these arrangements will unleash investment and benefit consumers near the borders by enabling the rollout of 4G wireless broadband service and advanced systems for critical public safety and emergency response communications." Once the policies become official mandates, license holders must coordinate and implement techniques to mitigate signal interference or face some nasty regulatory intervention. If you're a sucker for policy, just leap the break for the full press release.

Continue reading FCC hails spectrum alliances with Canada and Mexico, seeks to reduce border conflicts

FCC hails spectrum alliances with Canada and Mexico, seeks to reduce border conflicts originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 02 Aug 2011 18:48:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC proposing data roaming rules, not interested in commonizing carriers

Sean Hollister — Sat, 26 Mar 2011 19:04:00 EST

FCC chairman Julius Genachowski briefly mentioned data roaming at CTIA last week, but now he's telling Congress that action is inbound, to ensure rural carriers don't get left behind the rest of the cellular industry. You see, in 2007 the Commission mandated cheap roaming agreements for voice and messaging services to let regional carriers compete, but cellular data is what's important now and those existing agreements won't protect the Tiny Tims of telecom in a world of VoLTE anyhow. So, as he explains in a letter sent to members of the Senate and House, the chairman has come up with a set of rules, which will "incent potential roaming partners to come to the bargaining table to negotiate private commercial deals."

"The draft order under consideration eschews a common carriage approach and leaves mobile service providers free to negotiate and determine, on a customer-by-customer basis, the commercially reasonable terms of data roaming agreements," reads another letter. Needless to say, we're looking forward to hearing how the FCC will encourage competition while still letting the big boys negotiate from their multi-billion-dollar spectrum holding positions.

FCC proposing data roaming rules, not interested in commonizing carriers originally appeared on Engadget on Sat, 26 Mar 2011 19:04:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Live from CTIA's day one keynote with FCC chairman Julius Genachowski

Chris Ziegler — Tue, 22 Mar 2011 08:54:00 EST

We're seated in the auditorium for CTIA Wireless 2011's first keynote session, featuring FCC chairman Julius Genachowski -- who's frequented CTIAs in years past -- along with the bosses of Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, and Sprint. Needless to say, these are a bunch of heavy hitters about to take the stage... and we're curious whether they'll be saying a peep about AT&T's planned acquisition of T-Mobile USA. Tune in after the break!

Continue reading Live from CTIA's day one keynote with FCC chairman Julius Genachowski

Live from CTIA's day one keynote with FCC chairman Julius Genachowski originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 22 Mar 2011 08:54:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC approves Comcast's purchase of NBC (Update: Justice Department too, it's done)

Nilay Patel — Tue, 18 Jan 2011 14:22:00 EST

No huge surprise here, but the FCC just approved Comcast's purchase of NBC Universal by a 4-1 vote. Details of the ruling aren't out yet, but FCC chairman Julius Genachowski had been pushing for strong regulations forbidding Comcast from cutting itself sweetheart deals on NBC content or prioritizing its own video traffic on its pipes, so we'd assume that's part of the agreement here. The only nay vote was from Commissioner Michael Copps, who said the deal "opens the door to the cable-ization of the open Internet." Ouch. We'll let you know when we find out exactly what the FCC's actual conditions are -- and keep in mind this deal won't be wrapped until the Justice Department weighs in, which is expected to happen next week. Can we say it? Oh, we're going to say it: stay tuned!

Update: That was fast, as Comcast/NBCU announced it's received permission from the Justice Department as well. Check out the triumphant press release after the break or scour the official site for more details on what conditions may have applied. There will also be a conference call at 4 p.m. so let us know what else you may be interested in finding out before then. So far details include a promise of a "focused mechanism for online video providers to obtain access to certain NBC Universal content," and that the newly formed entity will retain its economic stake in Hulu, while giving up its voting and board representation rights.

Continue reading FCC approves Comcast's purchase of NBC (Update: Justice Department too, it's done)

FCC approves Comcast's purchase of NBC (Update: Justice Department too, it's done) originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 18 Jan 2011 14:22:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC passes limited net neutrality rules, almost no one happy about them

Nilay Patel — Tue, 21 Dec 2010 13:51:00 EST

Well, no surprises here -- the FCC just passed a set of limited net neutrality rules by a 3-2 vote. The three Democratic Commissioners, including FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski, voted yes, while the two Republican Commissioners both strongly dissented -- to quote Commissioner Meredith Baker, "I really, really, really dissent." The rules haven't been made public yet, but the general understanding is that wired broadband will be more heavily regulated than wireless -- a crucial point as carriers begin investigating pay-per-service charges. That means even net neutrality advocates are unhappy with today's decision -- Democratic Commissioner Michael Copps straight-up said, "Today's action could -- and should -- have gone further." What's more, we're hearing that Verizon is already considering a challenge -- which is odd since the rules appear to track closely with that joint Verizon / Google proposal from the summer. We're still waiting on the full text of the rules and will post a complete breakdown once we get them, but for now hit the source link and check out Genachowski's remarks on the regulations.

P.S. - Need a net neutrality refresher? Check out this awesome (and educational) animation and interview with Columbia law professor Tim Wu!

FCC passes limited net neutrality rules, almost no one happy about them originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 21 Dec 2010 13:51:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC addressing net neutrality on December 21st (updated)

Thomas Ricker — Wed, 01 Dec 2010 03:14:00 EST

Well, well, look at what's been added to a tentative agenda when the FCC meets on December 21st: net neutrality. Here's how the item reads:

Open Internet Order: An Order adopting basic rules of the road to preserve the open Internet as a platform for innovation, investment, competition, and free expression. These rules would protect consumers' and innovators' right to know basic information about broadband service, right to send and receive lawful Internet traffic, and right to a level playing field, while providing broadband Internet access providers with the flexibility to reasonably manage their networks.

Presumably, a draft order is now circulating amongst attendees, the details of which are of the utmost concern for both consumers and wired / wireless providers alike. According to the AP, FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski will outline his net neutrality proposal in a speech on Wednesday, with plans to bring the new rules to a full vote before the end of the year and ahead of the newly elected Republicans taking their seats in the House.

Update: The AP received an advanced copy of Genachowski's speech. Here are the highlights of the FCC proposal:

Wired broadband providers will be required to let subscribers access all legal content, applications, and services with the flexibility to manage network congestion and spam as long as they publicly disclose their network management approach. Broadband providers would also be allowed to experiment with dedicated networks to route traffic from specialized services like smart grids and home security systems as long as they "don't hurt the public internet."
Wireless providers would also be required to disclose network management practices and be prohibited from blocking access to web sites or competing applications like cellphone VoIP services. However, they'd be given more flexibility to manage traffic due to relative bandwidth constraints. In other words, wireless networks will still be special under the FCC proposal, just not as special as the plan pitched by Google / Verizon (which only required transparency) over the summer.
The proposal would leave the FCC's regulatory framework for broadband unchanged as a lightly regulated "information service," not as a "common carrier" as Genachowski had wanted. Another victory for Comcast.

Update 2: The New York Times says that the proposal will allow broadband companies to implement usage-based pricing, charging customers higher rates for heavy data usage.

FCC addressing net neutrality on December 21st (updated) originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 01 Dec 2010 03:14:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC looking into Comcast / Netflix blocking threat, Level 3 responds as analysts chime in

Richard Lawler — Tue, 30 Nov 2010 15:56:00 EST

News that Comcast had threatened to block internet backbone Level 3, which is one of the companies delivering Watch Instantly streams, sent shockwaves through the industry yesterday. Net neutrality advocates geared up for battle, Comcast insisted it was only enforcing the same arrangements other networks abide by while Roger Ebert and the rest of us fretted over Netflix access. Today, Level 3 issued a response to Comcast, claiming it is "distracting from the fundamental issue" which is free use of all content on the internet for its customers. Meanwhile, Multichannel News points out industry analysts say Level 3's claims of traffic discrimination "appear unfounded" while VideoNuze editor Will Richmond supposes Level 3 may have "bid too aggressively for the Netflix business and is now trying to recover." Most damaging to Level 3's argument are its own words from a dispute where it sought financial compensation from Cogent for using too much of its network's bandwidth:

"For example, Cogent was sending far more traffic to the Level 3 network than Level 3 was sending to Cogent's network. It is important to keep in mind that traffic received by Level 3 in a peering relationship must be moved across Level 3's network at considerable expense. Simply put, this means that, without paying, Cogent was using far more of Level 3's network, far more of the time, than the reverse. Following our review, we decided that it was unfair for us to be subsidizing Cogent's business."

Beyond analyst opinions and posturing the question of whether or not Comcast has the power to set pricing for access to its network, creating the toll road Level 3 is accusing it of being, is still at issue. That will certainly come into play at the FCC, where chairman Julius Genachowski mentioned at today's meeting that the agency is looking into Level 3's claims at the same time it continues to review the joining of Comcast and NBC. As far as your Netflix streams? Safe for now, though the company isn't commenting, Level 3 isn't the only provider it relies on for access and how any deal it might reach with Comcast could affect the service is still unclear.

Update: Comcast has issued its own salvo of PR, including a video meant to breakdown exactly what internet peering is and what it wants to charge Level 3 for, 10 of its own facts about what it is, and is not doing, and a copy of the letter it's sent to the FCC about the issue. You can them all out in full after the break.

Continue reading FCC looking into Comcast / Netflix blocking threat, Level 3 responds as analysts chime in

FCC looking into Comcast / Netflix blocking threat, Level 3 responds as analysts chime in originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 30 Nov 2010 15:56:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC, Justice Department look to prevent Comcast from hogging NBC's online video all for itself

Ross Miller — Mon, 15 Nov 2010 15:12:00 EST

Ready or not, Comcast and NBC will walk down the aisle in matrimony -- but it'll not be without a few conditions. According to The Wall Street Journal, both the FCC and the Justice Department are expected to impose conditions on how NBC online video is distributed online, to ensure the cable operator (with online video distribution channels of its own) doesn't withhold or threaten to withhold NBC Universal content from rivals -- both Netflix and Apple are specifically cited by WSJ. The FCC is additionally considering restrictions on Comcast slowing down / blocking "legal traffic" from its internet network, maintaining a pro-net neutrality stance. Chairman Julius Genachowski is currently meeting with staffers twice a week on the deal, with the timetable of circulating proposed conditions by mid-December -- narrowly avoiding sweeps week, unless 30 Rock has an idea or two up its Kabletown-owned sleeve.

FCC, Justice Department look to prevent Comcast from hogging NBC's online video all for itself originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 15 Nov 2010 15:12:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC set to approve rules compelling carriers to alert you when you're about to go over your limit

Vlad Savov — Wed, 13 Oct 2010 03:10:00 EST

Politicians do love themselves a sharp and emotive turn of phrase, of which few are as good as "bill shock." That's the term the FCC has used to sum up all those instances when you've had unexpected surcharges on your monthly wireless bill, caused by unknowingly going outside the bounds of your geographical coverage or monthly allowance. Seeing this issue as something it could help alleviate, the Commission set up a Consumer Task Force back in May in an effort to seek out solutions, and now it has returned with perhaps the most obvious one: getting your network operator to shoot out a voice or text message warning you when you're about to incur costs outside of your normal plan. That's basically what AT&T already does with iPad owners approaching their monthly data limits, which the federales see as a good practice that should be extended across all carriers. We can see no good reason why it shouldn't.

FCC set to approve rules compelling carriers to alert you when you're about to go over your limit originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 13 Oct 2010 03:10:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC reevaluates US broadband competitiveness, finds 14 to 24 million lack access

Donald Melanson — Thu, 22 Jul 2010 01:47:00 EST

The National Broadband Plan may one day bring broadband to everyone in the United States but, as a new report from the FCC itself reveals, there's still quite a ways to go. According to the report (issued every year by the agency), between 14 and 24 million Americans have no access to broadband, which is now defined by the FCC to be a 4Mbps downstream and 1Mbps upstream. That's a significant revision from the previous 200kbps downstream standard used by the annual report, and brings it in line with the minimum goals set by the National Broadband Plan. What does that mean for the 14 to 24 million without broadband access? Not much at the moment, unfortunately. FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski says that those individuals are mostly in "expensive-to-serve areas with low population density," and that "without substantial reforms to the agency's universal service programs, these areas will continue to be unserved." Of course, that finding is just one part of the report -- hit up the source link below to check out the whole thing.

FCC reevaluates US broadband competitiveness, finds 14 to 24 million lack access originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 22 Jul 2010 01:47:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Senators grill FCC Chairman over 'modest' National Broadband Plan goals

Donald Melanson — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 14:22:00 EST

Bringing broadband to everybody is certainly an admirable goal, but at least some US Senators are apparently starting to question if the new National Broadband Plan is ambitious enough. In written questions submitted to FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski recently, Senator Daniel Inouye (D-HI) pointed out that other nations already have 100Mbps fiber-based services and are beginning to roll out 1Gbps residential services, which would only be required for a "single anchor institution in each community by 2020" under the National Broadband Plan" -- something Inouye says "appears to suggest that the US should accept a 10- to 12-year lag behind the leading nations." That's a sentiment echoed by Senator Mark Begich (D-AK), who asked Genachowski why the plan settled for the minimum download speed of 4Mbps by 2020, and added that "it seems a bit modest for a goal." For his part, Genachowski insists that the 4Mbps targets are "aggressive," and he notes that the plan recommends reevaluating that target every year, so it's possible it could increase over time. Hit up the PDF link below for the complete Q&A.

Senators grill FCC Chairman over 'modest' National Broadband Plan goals originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 12 Jul 2010 14:22:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Senators ask FCC to prioritize action on broadband white space, FCC promises nothing

Laura June — Thu, 17 Jun 2010 11:52:00 EST

Senators John Kerry (D - MA) and Olympia Snowe (R - Maine) have written a letter to FCC chairman Julius Genachowski asking them to prioritize actions on broadband white space while adhering to the scheduled Broadband Action Agenda, finishing it up by the third quarter of 2010. The national broadband plan includes 360 recommendations, with the white space action being just one of them. The letter reminded the commission that it's been about two years since it first authorized the use of white space, which would allow the use of unused television channels for wireless broadband.

Senators ask FCC to prioritize action on broadband white space, FCC promises nothing originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 17 Jun 2010 11:52:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

Congress investigating general revamp of telecommunications law

Nilay Patel — Mon, 24 May 2010 18:04:00 EST

We never had any doubt that Comcast's anti-net-neutrality court victory would prove to be more of a defeat in the long run, and that's exactly how it's shaping up: some 74 Democratic members of Congress have voiced concerns about the FCC's plan to re-classify broadband as a more highly-regulated "telecommunications service" instead of as an "information service" in letter sent to FCC chairman Julius Genachowski today, and a group of Democratic senators and representatives are planning a series of meetings in June with the goal of revamping US telecommunications law in general. According to Senate staffers who spoke to the Washington Post, the idea isn't to pre-empt the FCC's plan, but rather to bring the law into alignment with the modern market instead of trying to fit a round peg into a square hole -- our current telecom law was enacted in 1996 and is based on law written in 1934, so a more modern revamp could bring sweeping changes to the way broadband providers are able to sell and manage their services.

We don't know what the specific agenda is yet, but we'd bet the FCC's recent finding that there's no "effective competition" in the wireless industry is sure to play a big part in these discussions, and we wouldn't be surprised to see some serious talk about cable providers and set-top hardware as well. Whatever happens, we'll be keeping a sharp eye on these meetings -- this is the first time we've seen the government take up the issue of modern telecommunications policy with this level of interest and momentum, and we've got a feeling some big things are afoot.

Congress investigating general revamp of telecommunications law originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 24 May 2010 18:04:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC outlines new 'third way' internet regulatory plan, will split access from content

Nilay Patel — Thu, 06 May 2010 13:53:00 EST

The FCC's plan to rework how it regulates the internet just got a lot more solid today, as the agency officially announced its "third way" approach to classifying broadband services and opened it up for public comment. We've broken the entire thing down for you -- we're not kidding when we say this will affect how the internet works for all of us in the future, so grab a snack and head past the break for the whole story.

Continue reading FCC outlines new 'third way' internet regulatory plan, will split access from content

FCC outlines new 'third way' internet regulatory plan, will split access from content originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 06 May 2010 13:53:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC to re-regulate internet in order to enforce net neutrality

Nilay Patel — Wed, 05 May 2010 18:03:00 EST

Just as we predicted, the FCC is getting ready to take major steps to overcome that court decision ruling the agency doesn't currently have the ability to impose net neutrality under the agency's internet regulatory framework: the Wall Street Journal reports that FCC chairman Julius Genachowski has decided to "reregulate" internet service, thereby giving the agency the specific authority it needs to impose and enforce net neutrality. It's not clear exactly how the FCC will do that at this point; the easiest option would be to simply reclassify ISP as "common carriers" just like phone services, but we've heard that Genachowski has been searching for a "third way" in the past few weeks, and the WSJ says the current proposal will only enforce parts of the common carriage regulations to ISPs. We'll see what happens.

FCC to re-regulate internet in order to enforce net neutrality originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 05 May 2010 18:03:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC launches Spectrum Task Force, unused frequencies become wanted criminals

Chris Ziegler — Mon, 26 Apr 2010 15:21:00 EST

It's no secret that Julius Genachowski and his posse up in Washington are taking spectrum reallocation very, very seriously in an effort to nip any danger of a wireless broadband crunch in the bud, and the FCC's taken another small step in that process today with the creation of the "Spectrum Task Force." It sounds like the Task Force's main job is to get the entire agency on the same page with regards to its long-term spectrum planning, ultimately playing "a critical role in the execution of the spectrum recommendations in the National Broadband Plan." In other words, the critical topic of spectrum reallocation isn't going away -- and while Genachowski continues to emphasize his intention to make license sales by TV broadcasters fully voluntary, we could see things starting to get hostile if the broadcast industry's mood doesn't change. Unfortunately, we're not aware of any plans for these guys to actually dress up in SWAT uniforms and ride around on Segways should the need arise. Follow the break for the FCC's full statement.

Continue reading FCC launches Spectrum Task Force, unused frequencies become wanted criminals

FCC launches Spectrum Task Force, unused frequencies become wanted criminals originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 26 Apr 2010 15:21:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC will consider 'free or very low cost wireless broadband' service

Vlad Savov — Wed, 10 Mar 2010 06:13:00 EST

Did you know there was a Digital Inclusion Summit going on? We already know the FCC isn't best pleased about the fact 93 million Americans are making do without access to home broadband, and this latest event was an opportunity for it to dish some more info on its forthcoming National Broadband Plan. The major obstacles to broadband adoption identified by the FCC were noted as cost, computer illiteracy, and a sheer lack of awareness about the benefits the web offers (outside of cute kitties). The big Plan will be delivered to Congress a week from today, and its suggestions will include the creation of a Digital Literacy Corps, who'll be performing missionary duties among the unenlightened, and the big whopper: a proposal to "consider use of spectrum for a free or very low cost wireless broadband service." Yeah, if you can't jump over the cost hurdle you might as well eviscerate it from existence. Quite naturally, such radical plans have been met with much grumbling opposition, and Business Week reports that it may be years before the full reforms are implemented ... if at all.

FCC will consider 'free or very low cost wireless broadband' service originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 10 Mar 2010 06:13:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC's Genachowski previews broadband plan, demands half gigahertz of spectrum for the task

Chris Ziegler — Wed, 24 Feb 2010 15:11:00 EST

Time's running out for the FCC to present its National Broadband Plan to Congress next month, a set of sweeping regulatory changes geared at making broadband widely and readily available to every nook and cranny of the country -- and as the day of reckoning draws near, chairman Julius Genachowski is starting to talk specifics about how the Plan's going to look. At a speech hosted by the think tank New America Foundation today, Genachowski revealed a few key initiatives geared overall to reach the goal of reclaiming a whopping 500MHz of spectrum to apply toward wireless broadband data over the coming decade. A big part of that puzzle will be something called the Mobile Future Auction where existing spectrum owners (ahem, TV broadcasters) could be given the opportunity to voluntarily -- emphasis on "voluntarily" -- sell off their airwaves in exchange for a portion of the auction proceeds; it's claimed that as much as $50 billion in value could be "unlocked" by more efficiently using some of this spectrum, where only about half is currently being used in even the most populous markets. They'll also be making some moves to encourage more innovation with unlicensed spectrum -- an area that has already brought about paradigm-shifting technologies like WiFi and Bluetooth at 2.4GHz -- and proposing the launch of a Mobility Fund as part of the Universal Service Fund's reboot to help build out infrastructure in underserved areas. It all sounds ambitious, yes -- but if some of the claims the FCC and others are making about projected wireless data utilization over the next few years are even close to true, drastic action appears to be well-justified.

FCC's Genachowski previews broadband plan, demands half gigahertz of spectrum for the task originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 24 Feb 2010 15:11:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC seeks faster internet for America, more spectrum for wireless data

Darren Murph — Fri, 19 Feb 2010 02:13:00 EST

Leave it to Google to make even the FCC's ambitions look meager. But hey, for the vast majority of Americans who will never have access to an ISP with 1Gbps, we've got nothing but kudos to send to Commission Chairman Julius Genachowski. As the story goes, the FCC has unveiled a plan this week that would "require" internet service providers to offer "minimum home connection speeds by 2020," with a delectable 100Mbps figure being throw around. Currently, US internet speeds average just under 4Mbps, and the nation as a whole ranks 19th in the world. Naturally, companies that provide internet are balking at the idea, suggesting that consumers would revolt if they were forced to pick up the tab for all the network improvement efforts that would have to take place. Of course, Cisco Systems now appears to be the FCC's best bud, but we're guessing we don't have to explain the logic behind that one. In related news, the same entity is purportedly mulling a plan to "pay broadcasters to vacate airwaves it could use to alleviate network strain caused by the surging use of smartphones," which ought to make just about everyone happy. Well, most everyone.

FCC seeks faster internet for America, more spectrum for wireless data originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 19 Feb 2010 02:13:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC chairman echoes commissioner's sentiments, says Verizon's ETF response 'raised more questions than it answered'

Chris Ziegler — Sat, 09 Jan 2010 02:03:00 EST

FCC chairman and general ass-kicker Julius Genachowski is siding with his commissioner Mignon Clyburn this week, noting that Verizon's response to the Fed over its $350 "advanced device" early termination fee didn't really satisfy everyone's curiosity. He's not ready to talk about the FCC's next move in the case -- we're guessing another lengthy open letter is in order -- but he assured media on hand that "the bureau is looking into" the situation. In the meantime, just don't get tired of that Droid too fast, alright?

FCC chairman echoes commissioner's sentiments, says Verizon's ETF response 'raised more questions than it answered' originally appeared on Engadget on Sat, 09 Jan 2010 02:03:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC boss keeps driving home the 'spectrum, spectrum, spectrum' message for wireless broadband

Chris Ziegler — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 21:49:00 EST

Love him or hate him, it seems destined that the FCC's Julius Genachowski will leave as big of a mark on the agency he's leading -- if not bigger -- than his predecessor Kevin Martin did, because he's hell-bent on shaking up the wireless airwaves and landlines he oversees in some pretty huge ways. Pushback from broadcasters is apparently quite strong, but he's reiterated at a conference today that he intends to investigate freeing up TV spectrum for to make room additional wide-area wireless services, a move that certainly seems to make sense on the surface considering that universal broadband to the home -- which could carry all the TV you'd ever need -- is also high on Genachowski's to-do list. The Universal Service Fund, which every American phone subscriber pays into and partly finances rural landline telephone operations where profits are harder to come by, is looking like a ripe target for renovation to bring broadband into the fold, theoretically making high-speed data more accessible to folks of all demographics and geographical affinities. Like the TV spectrum move, the USF realignment is meeting its fair share of detractors -- mainly among rural landline operators who rely on the funds for operation, of course -- but we're definitely gaining confidence that this dude isn't taking "no" for an answer in the long term.

FCC boss keeps driving home the 'spectrum, spectrum, spectrum' message for wireless broadband originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 01 Dec 2009 21:49:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink | Email this | Comments

FCC keen on commandeering TV spectrum for wireless broadband

Vladislav Savov — Wed, 28 Oct 2009 07:12:00 EST

We'll come right out and say it, we like Julius Genachowski. Whether you agree with the dude's policies or not, you can't deny he's pursuing them with gusto. Having already noted the insufficient carrying capacity of current mobile broadband airways to deal with incoming 4G connections, the FCC chairman is now reported to be moving ahead with plans to provide greater spectrum allocation for those purposes. Currently in the draft stage, the latest Commission proposals include a plan to reclaim airwaves from digital broadcasters (and pay them appropriately for it), which are to then be sold off to the highest bidder from among the wireless service providers. Executing the most extreme version of this plan could generate around $62 billion in auction revenues, though it would require transitioning digital TV viewers over to cable or subscription services and is therefore unlikely. Jules and his crew are still "looking at everything" and ruling out nothing, but we can probably expect to see a moderate shift of TV spectrum rights over to wireless carriers in the final plans when they're revealed in February.

[Via Phone Scoop]

Filed under: Regulatory

FCC keen on commandeering TV spectrum for wireless broadband originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 28 Oct 2009 07:12:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Read | Permalink | Email this | Comments