Wonders of Wildlife

"As a continent and as a country, we have learned the hard way, the importance of conservation."

"Johnny was so inspired by so many great museums that we have across the country, like the Smithsonian in D.C. and the Museum of Natural History in New York. He really wanted to elevate that and take it to the next level," Stephenson tells us. According to local papers, the entire museum took nearly 10 years to build and employed nearly 2,000 people during its construction process. The murals on the walls, depicting everything that could not be caught or captured in real life, took six years alone to paint. The museum's executive director, Mark Schafer, used to be director of finance at Disney World, a fact that seems incredibly relevant as we make our way across rope bridges, through 180-degree shark tunnels and below sparkling projections of the aurora borealis.

The complex is also home to a number of mini museums within its confines, including the Boone and Crockett Club's world-famous National Collection of Heads and Horns, the Bass Fishing Hall of Fame, the Archery Hall of Fame and Museum, the NRA National Sporting Arms Museum, and George W. Bush's traveling Portraits of Courage exhibit (POTUS 43 is a close personal friend of Morris). Ernest Hemingway's boat hangs from the ceiling in the aquarium, as does one of Morris' old yachts, perched above a plexiglass sea of exotic fish statues looking over a 1.5-million-gallon fish tank showcasing species from Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Much of the nonliving collection appears to have been sourced through Morris' friends and family.

"By having all of those different partners bring their collections here to one place where so many people are going to be exposed to it, we're creating this sort of mecca," Ziehmer explains. The museum's partners include the National Wildlife Federation, the National Audubon Society, the National Wildlife Federation, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Parks Service, the Sierra Club and National Geographic.

One fact that is continuously repeated during our tour is that Wonders of Wildlife is located within a day's drive of half the American population. And according to our guides, Morris hopes that his small town in the heart of Missouri may one day be the conservation capital of the world.

Photograph from the mid-1870s of a pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer

Wikimedia Commons

"As a continent and as a country, we have learned the hard way the importance of conservation," Ziehmer tells us as we make our way through the Theodore Roosevelt, Lewis and Clark, and National Parks galleries. "Because we have lost species that were documented. We know about them through early history, and they no longer exist."

Wonders of Wildlife does a fantastic job of educating visitors about what happens when hunting and fishing go unregulated in the United States. There are vintage photos of market hunters in expedition caps standing atop mountains of bones of the American bison. There are prominently displayed placards telling visitors of train journeys in which "pioneersmen" were given guns and allowed to shoot at the American wilderness while traveling through it by train. In this initial educational part of the museum, Wonders of Wildlife fastidiously documents a hard American truth that by the early 1900s, our countrymen had taken what they thought was an inexhaustible landscape of flora and fauna and driven dozens of wildlife species to the brink of extinction -- from elk to bighorn sheep, pronghorned antelope to buffalo. It presents these facts in a serious, reflective light, urging people to stop and think about the value and fragile nature of the taxidermied creatures around them.

"What you have around 1900 was men and women gathering together and starting what some would call a crusade to discuss what could be done and what should be done to protect the American landscape," Ziehmer explains to us as we make our way through the carnage. "From that meeting in 1908, hunters and anglers self-imposed things like limits and seasons, implementing cost permits, hunting and fishing permits, the revenue of which first and foremost went to early-enforcement efforts to make sure that the animals could be protected."

As one passes through the initial galleries and into the "Heads and Horns" exhibit, the museum's messaging quickly transitions to a vision of success, abundance and unimaginable profit as it underlines the environmental and economic successes of such conservation strategies. This so-called unequivocal victory, Ziehmer explains, hinges on something known in the hunting and angling world as the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation, the tenets of which are displayed on a Ten Commandments-style placard hanging prominently in the museum.

1) Wildlife belongs to the American public.
2) Market and commercial hunting is banned.
3) The allocation of wildlife is by law, not power, wealth or position.
4) Under the law, every citizen has an equal opportunity to hunt and fish.
5) Wildlife can be killed for food, fur, self-defense, or property protection. Frivolous use is not acceptable.
6) Wildlife is an international resource and should be managed as such.
7) Scientific management is the cornerstone to maintain viable populations.

"Nowhere else in the world has it been declared that we own the wildlife," says Ziehmer, proudly looking at the principles. "Not our government, not any company. We own it. And this idea that the land and the wildlife belong to the people, it was really revolutionary at the time."

The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation, which was officially adopted in 2002 by the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, is also an incredible cash cow for certain environmental efforts. As the museum rigorously exhibits statistics, placards and educational dioramas, currently 80 percent of funding for U.S. fish and wildlife agencies comes directly from the pockets of sportsmen and women. Since 1937, they have raised some $57 billion for public conservation while bringing back dozens of species from the brink of death. In the United States, a 10 percent excise tax on firearms, bows, ammunition and sport and fishing tackle along with licensing fees and more help generate more than $1.5 billion every year for wildlife research, management and habitat improvement, a number that, Stephenson chimes in, amounts "to about $100 grand every hour."

Wildlife Gallery: Main Level

It's a conservation and ecological moneymaking machine that cannot be ignored, especially in relation to far more economically beleaguered "green" environmental efforts. And it's a model for conservation that Morris, the museum's visionary, hopes to not only protect but also export across the globe.

"He's uniting foundations, companies and countries by his vision. And doing it in a way that looks for the positive," Ziehmer tells us. "As organizations continue to communicate and work together more and more, the center for those activities, I believe, is going to be based out of this part of our country."

In fact, Morris' conservation mecca expands far beyond the walls of Wonders of Wildlife or his thriving Bass Pro (and, as of last year, Cabela's) empire. He is also the owner of several outdoors-themed hotels, golf courses and nature parks across the Springfield area as well as a small national chain of fishing-themed bowling alleys and over a dozen house-owned sporting brands. The museum also manages a number of outdoors-education programs that help teach kids across the state and country how to hunt, fish, pitch tents and engage with the natural world in a responsible, sustainable manner.

But what of the efforts to stop this kind of conservation and transition the United States to a more hands-off environmental approach?

"As our country continues to become one where our population centers more and more in urban areas, there's a key need for education and awareness," Ziehmer responds, adding, "In this country, we live in a democracy, and the will of the people will prevail."

"It's big and impressive. But from my perspective, writing about sites around the United States that deal with science and technology, I still don't know anything about what the science and technology around hunting and fishing is," technical writer Steve Cohen tells us over a steaming plate of brisket.

It turns out that Cohen is the co-author of an upcoming museum anthology called America's Scientific Treasures (second edition, the first of which was written by a man named Paul Cohen), and Morris' new museum will most likely not be making it into the book.

"You go in and see the Native American stuff at the beginning, and you know, there's an outfit. But I don't know what the outfit is, who made it, where it came from, what date it was made. There is nothing there in terms of signage," Cohen laments. "There is very little information about the ecology, the ecosystems, the evolution of these animals. There was a room full of mountain goats shot by John Paul Morris [Morris' son], but I don't know anything beyond the fact that he shot them on the mountain."

Cohen's brother-in-law, Rob Anderson, a local sixth grade science teacher and longtime small-game hunter, is also eager to speak with us. "I wouldn't take my [students] there. If I did, I would need one of two things. I would either need a docent at every station, or I would have to be at every station, because there is nothing that would explain to my kids what's going on."

Signage aside, Wonders of Wildlife also fails almost completely to mention or educate its audiences on the largest modern-day threats to biodiversity across the country: climate change, habitat loss, pollution and commercial overfishing. When asked about that side of the issue in the aquarium portion of the museum, our tour guides swiftly change the subject.

"As we look at saltwater species, oftentimes many of our roles are focused on the commercial harvest of these fish. The role of the angler is still about developing and gathering information and tracking what they provide," Ziehmer responds.

"In general, we know so much less about the ocean and what escapes underwater and all that," Stephenson adds as we walk past Hemingway's yacht, suspended almost impossibly from the museum's ceiling.

"Absolutely," Ziehmer agrees. "Some say the figures are like 95 percent of our oceans are undiscovered. That's a mind-blowing figure. Impressions of the museum so far?"

In Morris' vision, the effects of global warming, fossil fuels and overdevelopment apparently do not exist. Instead, it's a world where NASCAR drivers are racing for conservation, gun rights are key to saving the environment, nature is continually expanding and everyone deserves to catch a really big fish.

In fact, the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation that WoW upholds as nature's savior has recently come under fire from critics who argue that the approach is both historically and scientifically inaccurate.

One of the first critiques of the model was published in 2011 by an ecologist and environmental ethicist out of Michigan State and Michigan Technological universities. The report, written by M. Nils Peterson and Michael Paul Nelson, argues the model is not inclusive enough of diversity among both wildlife species and stakeholders. For example, its approach often only seeks to manage wildlife deemed valuable to hunters (at the expense of other, less-desirable trophies) and minimizes the contributions of other sources of wildlife management, those done by non-hunters, National Park visitors and recreational bird watchers. It also states, "The principle of past behavior is not, by itself, an appropriate justification for future behavior," asking the proverbial North American Model supporter, "Would you argue that society should perpetuate slave labor or gender discrimination simply because such practices are a part of our history?" Is it a stretch to conclude that hunting should play a central role in modern conservation efforts just because it has in the past?

The report also asks, What counts as a legitimate reason for killing? How does modern-day trophy hunting fit into the North American Model's criteria? And what does it really mean for a population or ecosystem to be considered healthy in the first place?

A March 2018 study "Hallmarks of science missing from North American wildlife management," published in Science Advances, attempts to answer that question. After evaluating 667 wildlife-management systems across 62 states, provinces and territories across the U.S. and Canada, its researchers claim that the actual science behind this model of conservation is rarely defined.

For the study, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Victoria, Simon Fraser University, the Raincoast Conservation Foundation and the Hakai Institute evaluated conservation models on four criteria considered essential to scientific legitimacy: measurable objectives, evidence, transparency and independent review. They discovered that 60 percent of management systems contained fewer than half of those criteria.

Ultimately, measurable objectives are only present in 26 percent of today's conservation systems, calling into question how these wildlife-management systems are judging the efficacy of their efforts. Only 11 percent of systems studied described how their hunting quotas were actually set. Just nine percent of those surveyed reported any form of review for their research, deviating substantially from common scientific practice, where external peer review is a core requirement.

"In particular, we suggest that implementation of external review would be important for facilitating the adoption of other aspects of a scientific approach," the report concludes. "For example, deficiencies in use of evidence, measurable objectives, and transparency might be easier to detect -- and avenues for improvement more likely to emerge."

What this emerging criticism means for museums like Wonders of Wildlife and its neo-historic view of wildlife management is uncertain. Will folks like Morris step up to the plate and seek to improve their conservation techniques for a modern audience, or will they continue to raise billions of dollars for the environment despite not having a viable scientific framework?

We press Ziehmer and Stephenson again on the issue of scientific inclusivity while strolling past the "Hall of Fishing Presidents." "Does the museum have any sort of information about climate change?" we ask.

"I think that we aim to address all issues," Ziehmer responds, taking control once again. "One example here that you'll see is our shipwreck-reef habitat. We address the decline of natural reefs in our oceans and the importance of counteracting that to maintain species through artificial reefs."

But will sinking Morris' old boats at the bottom of the ocean and inside a high-tech aquarium really help save the planet? Perhaps. Though it's not clear what that has to do with addressing climate change.

We later returned to Wonders of Wildlife for a second run-through of the museum, resting our feet for a moment while the inspirational music of the museum's welcome video swelled once again. "You know, the nature that you're immersed in is no accident. This comes from the guy upstairs, our creator," Morris muses. "To be immersed in nature and connected to fish and wildlife, it's kind of like going to church. The church of nature."

"THE GOOD LORD provided all the resources for us to enjoy. The outdoors belongs to Him. We are only using it for a while. Respect His great gifts and thank Him each day for providing them." Rev. Willie James Duncombe, "Bonefish Willie," 1913-1986

Wonders of Wildlife paints a portrait of Morris as creative visionary -- the kind of man who, in a flash of inspiration, would order the roof of his great halls dismantled to fit another colossal monument. The kind of man who would sink his old ships for the benefit of the ocean. The humble embodiment of the American dream. The museum is an impressive feat by any measure, the clear result of Morris' obsessive attention to detail, deep pockets and truly noble intentions. However, something is ultimately lost in the billionaire's $290 million translation of "the holy word of nature." Morris' temple may have been built, but without scientific or critical teeth to back up its existence or methodology, Wonders of Wildlife is at risk of appearing more like a crypt than a church for the world's natural wonders.

We're currently said to be on the verge of causing the earth's sixth mass extinction, a geologically defined event in which at least 75 percent of the planet's species disappear within a short time period. At current rates of wildlife loss, researchers estimate we will enter this era within the next 300 to 2,000 years. That means humanity still has time to stop it.

The question now is, How can we use today's conservation and environmental frameworks to save the earth's species? How can we prevent Morris' new Wonders of Wildlife museum from becoming a postmortem monument to the species and landscapes we have lost?

Credits
Editors: Shannon Lee, Aaron Souppouris, Megan Giller
Photography and design: Evander Batson